Authors:

Grødem, E.O.S., Vidal-Pineiro, D., Sørensen, O., Bartr´es-Faz, D., Brandmaier, A.M., Cattaneo, G., Garrido, P.F., HENSON, R.N., Kuhn, S., Lindenberger, U., MacIntosh, B.J., Nyberg, L., Pascual-Leone, A., Smith, S.M., Sol´e-Padull´es, C., Solana-S´anchez, J., Otto Watne, L., Walhovd, K.B., Bjørnerud, A., Fjell1, A.M.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9260

Abstract:

Individual differences in the volumes of brain structures are often linked to various conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and overall brain health. However, it remains unclear to what extent these differences reflect individual levels present from young adulthood or diverging aging trajectories from later ages. In this study, we analyze the aging dynamics of the volumes of six brain structures based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from a large cross-cohort longitudinal sample of cognitively healthy adults (n = 8,311 with 18,520 MRIs, ages from 18 to 97 years). From general assumptions about structural brain dynamics and measurement noise, a stochastic dynamical model was fitted to the data to estimate both the variability and persistence of structural changes across adulthood. Using this model, we calculated how much of the variance of volumetric differences between individuals can be attributed to stable levels from young adulthood versus systematic changes at older ages, as well as the theoretical sensitivity of longitudinal studies to detect individual differences in change. The findings were as follows: 1) Before age 60 years, inter-individual differences in neuroanatomical volumes almost exclusively reflect stable differences between individuals, while the influence from systematic differences in rate-of-change increases thereafter; up to 50 % of the variation being due to differences in change at 80 years. In contrast, ventricular volume reflects differences in change from early adulthood. 2) Current brain-age models are unlikely to be sensitive to detect differences in aging trajectories. 3) Imaging studies have low reliability in detecting inter-individual brain changes before age 60. After 60 years , the study reliability increases sharply with longer intervals between scans and more modestly with additional intermediate observations. In conclusion, our results reinforce the view that it is critical to distinguish stable earlyadulthood levels from systematic differences in change when studying adult brain aging.

URL:

Data for this project is available at: https://github.com/EdvardGrodem/brain-trajectories

Authors:

FRISBY, S.L., HALAI, A.D., Cox, C.R., Clark, A., Shimotake, A., Kikuchie, T., Kuneida, T., Arakawa, Y., Takahashi, R., Ikeda, A., Matsumoto, R., Rogers, T.T. & LAMBON RALPH, M.

Reference:

Year of publication:

In Press

CBU number:

9259

Abstract:

Intracranial electrophysiology offers a unique insight into the nature of information representation in the brain – it can be used to disentangle information encoded in gamma and high gamma frequencies from information encoded in lower frequencies. We used regularised logistic regression to decode animacy from time-frequency power and phase extracted from electrocorticography (ECoG) grid electrode data recorded on the surface of human vATL. Power in gamma (30 – 60 Hz) and high gamma (60 – 200 Hz) produced reliable decoding, indicating that semantic information is indeed expressed by local populations in vATL. However, power from a wide range of frequencies (4 – 200 Hz) produced significantly higher decoding accuracy and also exhibited the same rapidly-changing dynamic code previously observed when decoding voltage. These findings support the theory that semantic information is encoded by a local vATL “hub” that interacts with distributed cortical “spokes”. We are unable to share raw data for this study because patients did not provide informed consent for us to do so. However, matrices containing power, phase, and voltage features (columns) for each stimulus (rows) are available at https://osf.io/m5v42/ . Code is available at https://github.com/slfrisby/ECoG_LASSO .

Data for this project is available at: https://osf.io/m5v42/

Authors:

GURUNANDAN, K., GREVE, A., Wilmot, E. & HENSON, R.N.

Reference:

Year of publication:

In Press

CBU number:

9257

Abstract:

Prediction error (PE) is the discrepancy between predictions and new information. For a binary reward outcome, PE may be signed (positive if the outcome was better than predicted, and negative if the outcome was worse than predicted), or unsigned (absolute value of “surprise”). Using a “variable choice” paradigm, De Loof et al. (2018) examined the role of PE in one-shot learning of unknown translations of known words, and showed that associative memory for the translation was greater when (financial) reward was more unexpected, and lesser when an expected reward was not received (i.e., signed PE); an effect that they replicated in several subsequent studies. However, other work on PE in declarative memory has assumed that memory is greater when an outcome is more unexpected, without any explicit reward (i.e., unsigned PE). We replicated De Loof et al.’s paradigm with and without financial reward, and found that memory was explained slightly better by unsigned PE (Experiments 1A-1B). However, we also identified a potential confound in the paradigm that could explain the results without any role of PE, as confirmed by simulations. We therefore designed a modified version of the paradigm that circumvents this confound (Experiment 2). Results were inconsistent with the PE account. We conclude that variable choice paradigms may not be well-suited to investigate the role of PE in one-shot declarative learning, and that the purported role of signed PE in declarative memory requires further investigation.

Data for this project is available at: https://osf.io/b48ga

Authors:

FLEMING, H., WHINES, A., WHELAN, P., LAU, I., GALLACHER, K., MEHRHOF, S., NORD, C.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9254

Abstract:

Central to survival is our ability to learn that the sensory properties of food are associated with metabolic interoceptive signals (e.g., changing blood glucose). These signals influence cognition and brain activity, shaping the hedonic evaluation of flavours, and activating reward-related brain regions such as the ventral striatum. However, there remains a substantial gap in understanding how metabolic rewards shape behaviour, particularly in humans. We hypothesised that metabolic interoceptive rewards may function as Pavlovian stimuli, eliciting a Pavlovian approach bias which modulates everyday instrumental decision-making via Pavlovian-instrumental transfer. To test this, in a double-blind design, over one week, participants (N = 53) consumed two novel, flavoured drinks: one containing the tasteless carbohydrate maltodextrin, and one a calorie-free control. In a subsequent lab session, participants completed a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task, performing a points-based instrumental decision-making task while tasting calorie-free versions of each flavour. Participants also rated liking and wanting of the flavours. As predicted, flavours previously experienced with calories were rated as significantly more liked after conditioning. However, counter to our hypothesis, the calorie-associated flavours did not enhance instrumental responding; computational modelling instead indicated a suppression of action. These findings reveal a dissociation between hedonic preferences and action: while metabolic rewards shaped liking, they did not invigorate behaviour. This highlights the complexity of interoceptive reinforcement learning and points to the need for further work to understand how and when internal metabolic expectations shape action.

URL:

Data for this project is available at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RCUSG

Authors:

YANG, C. Parish, O., Klimovich-Gray, A., Wingfield, Cai., Marslen-Wilson, W.D., ZHANG, C., WOOLGAR, A., Thwaites, A.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9253

Abstract:

The Kymata Soto Language Dataset comprises raw electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings from 15 native Russian speakers and 20 native English speakers as they listened to approximately seven minutes of conversational speech in their respective native languages. Each participant heard the same conversational speech stimulus multiple times (four repetitions for Russian speakers and eight for English speakers). The dataset includes transcriptions of the recordings, along with timestamp annotations for each phoneme and word. Organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS), this dataset facilitates in-depth research into brain responses to naturalistic speech. To validate the dataset and our preprocessing pipeline, we employed Python-based analyses, revealing consistent low-level loudness perception trends across both language groups. All EEG and MEG data, audio recordings, transcriptions with timestamp annotations, and validation codes are open source, promoting transparency and reproducibility.

URL:

Data for this project is held by an external institution. Please contact the authors to request a copy.

Authors:

JeYoung, J., Atkinson-Clement, C., Kaiser, M.& LAMBON RALPH, M.A.

Reference:

Year of publication:

In Press

CBU number:

9250

Abstract:

The ventromedial anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is a core transmodal hub for semantic memory, yet non-invasive modulation of this region has remained challenging. Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) offers high spatial precision suitable for deep brain targets. In this study, we investigated whether theta-burst TUS (tbTUS) to the ventromedial ATL enhances semantic memory, using a multimodal neuroimaging approach—magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), functional MRI (fMRI), and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Compared to control stimulation, tbTUS improved semantic task performance. MRS showed decreased GABA and increased Glx, reflecting shifts in excitation-inhibition balance, alongside increases in NAA, creatine and choline, suggesting enhanced neuronal metabolism. fMRI demonstrated reduced ATL activity during semantic processing and strengthened effective connectivity across the semantic network. VBM revealed increased ATL grey matter volume. These findings provide convergent evidence that tbTUS modulates neurochemistry, functional dynamics, and brain morphology to enhance semantic memory, highlighting its neurorehabilitation potential.

URL:

Data for this project is available at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FVK7C

Authors:

HENSON, R.N.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9248

Abstract:

The term ‘cognitive reserve’ broadly refers to better-than-expected cognitive abilities in old age, presumed to reflect environmental/lifestyle factors earlier in life. This commentary addresses the question of what determines ‘better than expected’ cognition; specifically, whether cognitive reserve can be ‘explained away’ by considering multiple brain measurements. Using simulations, I show that, once one allows for multiple brain properties related to cognition, differential maintenance of those properties can reproduce the clinical picture associated with cognitive reserve. Using real data, I then show that white-matter microstructure and functional connectivity explain significant additional variance in fluid intelligence beyond grey-matter volume (at least cross-sectionally), supporting the importance of measuring multiple brain properties. Using multimodal, longitudinal data to identify changes in those brain properties that are especially important for changes in cognition will help decide which interventions are most likely to be effective at maintaining cognition in old age.

URL:

Data for this project is available at: https://github.com/RikHenson/CogRes,

Authors:

HICKMAN, L.J., Fraser, D.S., Galea, J.M., Happe, F., Cook, J.L.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9241

Abstract:

Background Movement differences in autism have attracted growing attention in recent years. Anecdotally, autistic movement has been likened to that of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Given that PD assessments are primarily movement-based, it is important to ensure that autistic individuals are not scoring highly on PD diagnostic criteria due to autism-related movement differences. Quantifying overlap in movement profiles and identifying distinguishing features is essential, particularly given increased PD diagnosis rates in the autistic population. Methods We conducted the first direct comparison study of autistic and parkinsonian movement. Autistic individuals (N=31), individuals with PD (N=32) and control participants (N=31) completed a Shapes Tracing Task and a Reaction Time Task. Kinematic features were compared between groups and classification algorithms were run to distinguish between groups. Results Groups were distinguishable based on kinematic features. The autistic group differed from both PD and control groups in speed modulation and sub-movements, and from the PD group in reaction time. Classification algorithms for clinical (autism and PD) versus non-clinical groups, and for autism versus PD, were most accurate when combining kinematic and questionnaire data. There were no kinematic similarities between autism and PD that were also distinct from controls. Conclusions Whilst kinematic features did not appear similar between autism and PD, they were informative for group classification. This proof-of-concept study highlights that movement-based metrics may aid in identifying whether someone belongs to a clinical group, and which one – suggesting potential for refining diagnostic approaches for both autism and PD.

URL:

Data available, click to request

Authors:

RAZA, S., Schomaker, J., Quent, J.A., ANDERSON, M.C., HENSON, R.N.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2025

CBU number:

9239

Abstract:

Novel experiences appear to benefit memory for unrelated information encoded shortly before or after. Other research suggests that memory is impaired by effortful tasks following encoding, compared to simply resting. This registered report explicitly tested the proactive and retroactive effects of novel exploration and wakeful rest. Four groups of participants explored a novel or familiarised virtual environment, either shortly before or shortly after encoding a list of unrelated words. A fifth 'wakeful rest' group performed a low-effort attention task before and after encoding. Memory was tested with immediate free recall, delayed (next day) free recall and delayed recognition with confidence judgements (from which recollection and familiarity were estimated). Bayes factors provided evidence against both proactive and retroactive benefits of novelty across all measures of memory, but provided evidence for a retroactive benefit of rest for immediate recall. In exploratory analysis, we also found evidence for a proactive benefit of rest on immediate recall. We argue that the bidirectional benefits of wakeful rest are more easily explained by Temporal Distinctiveness theory than Consolidation theory. Overall, wakeful rest surrounding learning may represent a useful intervention for improving memory, while novel exploration may not.

URL:

Data available, click to request

Authors:

LAW, R.M.C., LAMBON RALPH, M.A., HAUK, O.

Reference:

Year of publication:

2026

CBU number:

9238

Abstract:

How the brain constructs meaning from individual words and phrases is a fundamental question for research in semantic cognition, language and their disorders. These two aspects of meaning are traditionally studied separately, resulting in two large, multi-method literatures, which we sought to bring together in this study. Not only would this address basic cognitive questions of how semantic cognition operates but also because, despite their distinct focuses, both literatures ascribe a critical role to the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in each aspect of semantics. Given these considerations, we explored the notion that these systems rely on common underlying computational principles when activating conceptual semantic representations via single words, vs. building a coherent semantic representation across sequences of words. The present pre-registered study used magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography to track brain activity in participants reading nouns and adjective-noun phrases, whilst integrating conceptual variables from both literatures: the concreteness of nouns (e.g., “lettuce” vs. “fiction”) and the denotational semantics of adjectives (subsective vs. privative, e.g., “bad” vs. “fake”). Region-of-interest analyses show that bilateral ATLs responded more strongly to phrases at different timepoints, irrespective of concreteness. Decoding analyses on ATL signals further revealed a time-varying representational format for adjective semantics, whereas representations of noun concreteness were more stable and maintained for around 300 ms. Further, the neural representation of noun concreteness was modulated by the preceding adjectives: decoders learning concreteness signals in single words generalised better to subsective relative to privative phrases. These findings point to a unified ATL function for semantic memory and composition. Data and 808 Code Availability The data will be made available at http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/publications/opendata. Code and analysis pipelines will be made available at https://github.com/rmc-law/FakeDiamond.

URL:

Data available, click to request