Interactive neural systems governing emotion and social interaction

The human face is central to social interaction, providing clues to a person’s identity, emotional state, focus of attention, and speech content. Numerous developmental disorders and neurological conditions can disrupt these processes but I am particularly interested in problems experienced by people with autism spectrum conditions.

The research has two aims

• To understand the functional and neural mechanisms underlying face perception in the typical population, particularly the perception of eye gaze and facial expressions
• To use this knowledge to understand impairments in processing different facial characteristics in autism spectrum conditions and other clinical conditions

My work on conduct disorder has focussed on characterising the functional and neural mechanisms involved in two clinical subtypes of the disorder: a childhood-onset variant in which the antisocial symptoms are evident before 10 years of age, and an adolescence-onset variant in which the symptoms develop in adolescence.

This work has the following aim

• To test Moffitt’s (1993) influential hypothesis that these two clinical subtypes have different aetiological bases

 

Projects

[toggle title_open=”Social attention perception” title_closed=”Social attention perception” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Perception of other’s eye gaze is central to social interaction, providing clues to a person’s focus of attention and their private thoughts and intended actions. Humans show a remarkable ability to perceive another person’s focus of attention from their eye gaze, body orientation, or head orientation. This is referred to as social attention perception. We are interested in studying the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying this ability, and developing suitable tests for use in clinical populations. Together with colleagues in Sydney (Clifford and Mareschal), we also aim to produce a model of gaze perception and its disruption in individuals with autism.

Relevant publications

Calder, A.J., Beaver, J.D., Winston, J.S., Dolan, R.J., Jenkins, R., Eger, E., Henson, R.N.A. (2007) Separate Coding of Different Gaze Directions in the Superior Temporal Sulcus and Inferior Parietal Lobule, Current Biology. 17(1) 20-25

Calder, A.J., Jenkins, R., Cassel, A., and Clifford, C.W.G. (2008) Visual representation of eye gaze is coded by a non-opponent multichannel system, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137 (2), 244-261

Carlin, J.D., Calder, A.J., Kriegeskorte, N., Nili, H., & Rowe, J. B. (2011) A head view-invariant representation of gaze direction in anterior superior temporal sulcus, Current Biology, 21(21)
[/toggle] [toggle title_open=”Social cognition in Autism Spectrum Conditions” title_closed=”Social cognition in Autism Spectrum Conditions” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Individuals with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) experience difficulties in social interactions. In this project, we are studying how individuals with ASC process facial information, such as eye gaze and facial identity. In particular, we are investigating whether changes in the structure, function and connectivity (communication) between brain areas implicated in facial and social processing may explain the problems they experience. We are also interested in the way characteristics or traits associated with autism in the typical, non-ASC population affect brain function and structure in similar ways.

Relevant publications

von dem Hagen, E., Stoyanova, R.S., Rowe, J.B., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A.J. (under review) Direct gaze elicits atypical activation of theory-of-mind regions in Autism Spectrum Conditions. Cerebral Cortex.

von dem Hagen, E., Stoyanova, R.S., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A.J. (In press) Reduced functional connectivity within and between ‘social’ resting state networks in Autism Spectrum Conditions, Social Cogn Affect Neurosci.
2012, Jun 8. Epub ahead of print.

Nummenmaa, L., Engell, A.D., von dem Hagen, E., Henson, R.N.A., Calder, A.J. (2012) Autism Spectrum traits predict the neural response to eye gaze in typical individuals, NeuroImage, 59(4):3356-63.

von dem Hagen, E., Nummenmaa, L., Yu, R., Engell, A.D., Ewbank, M.P., & Calder, A.J. (2011) Autism Spectrum traits in the typical population predict structure and function in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, Cerebral Cortex, 21(3):493-500.
[/toggle] [toggle title_open=”Predictive coding in the brain” title_closed=”Predictive coding in the brain” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Repetition of the same item leads to a reduction in activity of specific brain regions known as repetition suppression (or adaptation). A common assumption is that a brain region shows repetition suppression to a particular stimulus because neurons coding that item become fatigued. An alternative idea is that it results from interactions between brain areas. For example, predictive-coding theories propose that repetition suppression occurs because top-down predictions from higher brain levels match the sensory input to lower brain areas; in other words, there is a match between what we see and what our brain expects us to see. Consistent with this interpretation, our initial fMRI work has shown that repetition suppression to images of faces or bodies is associated with a change in ‘top-down’ connectivity from higher-level to lower-level brain regions (Ewbank et al. 2011; 2012).

Since understanding the mechanisms underlying repetition suppression is vital for correct interpretation of data we are currently exploring this further using other brain imaging methods. Our research also focuses on individual differences in repetition suppression in both clinical and non-clinical populations. By determining the mechanisms that underlie repetition suppression, and how they differ across groups and individuals, we hope to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms that underlie certain clinical conditions.

Relevant publications

Ewbank MP, Henson RN, Rowe JB, Stoyanova RS, Calder AJ (2012) Different neural mechanisms within occipitotemporal cortex underlie repetition suppression across same and different-size faces. Cereb Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs070

Ewbank MP, Lawson RP, Henson RN, Rowe JB, Passamonti L, Calder AJ (2011) Changes in “top-down” connectivity underlie repetition suppression in the ventral visual pathway. Journal of Neuroscience 31: 5635-5642.
[/toggle] [toggle title_open=”Conduct disorder” title_closed=”Conduct disorder” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Our work on conduct disorder has focused on Moffitt’s (1993) highly influential taxonomy identifying two qualitatively distinct forms—a childhood-onset variant in which the symptoms emerge before 10 years-of-age, and an adolescence-onset variant in which they emerge in adolescence. Moffitt proposed that only the childhood-onset variant has a neurobiological basis and that deviant behaviour in the adolescence-onset group reflects mimicry of antisocial peers. Our brain imaging research comparing the two forms of conduct disorder provides an important test of this hypothesis. However, contrary to Moffitt’s proposal, in the first studies to address this we have found similar neural abnormalities in both childhood- and adolescent-onset groups.

Moffitt TE (1993) Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100:674-701.

Publications

Passamonti, L. Fairchild, G., Goodyer, I.M., Hurford, G., Hagan, C.C., Rowe, J.B. MD, and Calder, A.J. (2010) Neural Abnormalities in both Early-Onset and Adolescence-Onset Conduct Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 729-738

Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L.; Hurford, G., Hagan, C.C., von dem Hagen, E., van Goozen, S.H.M., Goodyer, I.M., Calder, A.J. (2011) Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 68(6):624-33

Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Fornito, A., Goodyer, I.M., Nimmo-Smith, I., Hagan, C.C., Calder, A.J. (In Press) Abnormal anatomical connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in Conduct Disorder, Plos One
[/toggle] [toggle title_open=”Neural coding of facial identity and facial expression” title_closed=”Neural coding of facial identity and facial expression” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Faces are complex dynamic stimuli, yet we readily recognise the identity and emotional expression of people’s faces without becoming confused. How the brain does this is not fully understood. A popular idea is that there are two distinct visual routes, one processing facial identity, the other processing facial expressions and other changeable facial cues (eye gaze, lipspeech). We are investigating an alternative theory that the separate routes are involved in processing facial form and facial motion (Calder, 2011). The facial form route is involved in processing both expression and identity information, whereas are the facial motion route is involved primarily in processing facial expressions and other changeable facial cues. We are using a variety of techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography, to measure brain activity. Our results should inform the development of automated face recognition systems and assist in understanding face impairments following brain injury.

Relevant publications

Calder, A.J. (2011) Does facial identity and facial expression recognition involve separate visual routes?, In Calder A.J., Rhodes, G., Johnson, M. and Haxby J.V. The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception. Oxford, Oxford University Press

Calder, A.J., Young, A.W. (2005) Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(8), 641-651
[/toggle]

 

[toggle title_open=”Publications” title_closed=”Publications” hide=”yes” border=”yes” style=”default” excerpt_length=”0″ read_more_text=”Read More” read_less_text=”Read Less” include_excerpt_html=”no”]Fairchild, G., Hagan, C.C., Walsh, N.D., Passamonti, L., Calder, A.J. & Goodyer, I.M. (In Press) Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder
Rhodes, G., Addison, B., Jeffery, L., Ewbank, M., Calder, A.J. (In Press) Facial expressions of threat influence perceived gaze direction in 8 year-olds, PLoS One
Ewbank, M.P., Henson, R., Rowe, J.B., Stoyanova, R.S. & Calder, A.J. (In Press) Different neural mechanisms within occipitotemporal cortex underlie repetition suppression across same and different-size faces., Cerebral Cortex
Rhodes, G. & Calder, A.J. (In Press) Face Perception, The New Visual Neurosciences, MIT Press, Webster, M (Ed)
Spencer, M.D., Holt, R.J., Chura, L.R., Calder, A.J., Suckling, J., Bullmore, E.T., and Baron-Cohen, S (In Press) Atypical activation during the Embedded Figures Task as a functional magnetic resonance imaging endophenotype of autism, Brain
von dem Hagen, E.A., Stoyanova, R.S., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A.J. (In Press) Reduced functional connectivity within and between ‘social’ resting state networks in Autism Spectrum Conditions, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
Carlin, J. D., Rowe, J. B., Kriegeskorte, N., Thompson, R., & Calder, A. J. (2012) Direction-Sensitive Codes for Observed Head Turns in Human Superior Temporal Sulcus, Cerebral Cortex, 22(4), 735-744
Ghosh, B.C.P., Calder, A.J., Peers, P.V., Lawrence, A.D., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Pereira, J.M., Hodges, J.R., Rowe, J.B. (2012) Social cognitive deficits and their neural correlates in progressive supranuclear palsy, Brain, 135 (7): 2089-2102
Nummenmaa, L., Engell, A.D., von dem Hagen, E., Henson, R.N.A. and Calder, A.J. (2012) Autism Spectrum Traits Predict the Neural Response to Eye Gaze in Typical Individuals, NeuroImage, 59(4), 3356-3363
Passamonti, L., Crockett, M.J., Apergis-Schoute, A.M., Clark, L., Rowe, J.B., Calder, A.J., and Robbins, T.W. (2012) Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on prefrontal-amygdala connectivity while viewing facial signals of aggression, Biological Psychiatry, 71(1), 36-43
Armann, R., Jeffery, L., Calder, A.J., and Rhodes, G. (2011) Race-specific norms for coding face identity and a functional role for norms, Journal of Vision, 11(13):9, 1–14
Calder, A.J. (2011) Does facial identity and facial expression recognition involve separate visual routes?, In Calder A.J., Rhodes, G., Johnson, M. and Haxby J.V. The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception. Oxford, Oxford University Press
Calder, A.J. Ewbank, M., & Passamonti, L. (2011) Personality Influences the Neural Responses to Viewing Facial Expressions of Emotion, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366(1571), 1684-1701
Calder, A.J., Rhodes, G., Johnson, M. and Haxby J.V. (Eds) (2011) The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Carlin, J. D., Calder, A. J., Kriegeskorte, N., Nili, H., & Rowe, J. B. (2011) A head view-invariant representation of gaze direction in anterior superior temporal sulcus, Current Biology, 21(12), 1817-1821
Croucher, C.J., Murphy, F.C., Calder, A.J., Ramponi, C. & Barnard, P. J. (2011) Disgust enhances the recollection of negative emotional images., PLoS One, 6(11), e26571
Ewbank, M.P., Lawson, R.P, Henson, R.N., Rowe, J.B., Passamonti, L. & Calder, A.J. (2011) Changes in ‘top-down’ connectivity underlie repetition suppression in the ventral visual pathway, Journal of Neuroscience, 31(15), 5635-5642.
Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L.; Hurford, G., Hagan, C.C., von dem Hagen, E., van Goozen, S.H.M., Goodyer, I.M., Calder, A.J. (2011) Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescence-onset Conduct Disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6), 624-33
Lawson, R.P., Clifford, C.W.G., & Calder, A.J. (2011) A Real Head Turner: Horizontal and Vertical Head Directions are Multichannel Coded, Journal of Vision, 11(9)
Palermo, R., Willis, M., Rivolta, D., McKone, E., Wilson, C. E., & Calder, A.J. (2011) Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosia, Neuropsychologia, 49(5): 1226–1235.
Rhodes, G., Jaquet, E., Jeffrey, L., Evangelista., Keane, K. & Calder, A.J. (2011) Sex-specific norms code face identity, Journal of Vision, 11(1), 1
Spencer, M.D., Holt, R.J., Chura, L.R., Suckling, J., Calder, A.J., Bullmore, E.T., and Baron-Cohen, S. (2011) A novel functional brain imaging endophenotype of autism: the neural response to facial expression of Emotion, Translational Psychiatry, 1, e19
von dem Hagen, E., Nummenmaa, L., Rongjun, Y., Engel, A., Ewbank, M. & Calder, A.J. (2011) Autism Spectrum traits in the typical population predict structure and function in the posterior superior temporal sulcus, Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 493-500
von dem Hagen, E., Passamonti, L., Nutland, S., Sambrook, J. & Calder, A.J. (2011) The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and the effect of baseline on amygdala response to emotional faces, Neuropsychologia, 49(4), 674-680
Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Young, A.W., Lawrence, A.D., Mason, S., & Barker, R.A. (2010) The relation between anger and different forms of disgust: implications for emotion recognition impairments in Huntington’s disease, Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2719–2729
Engell, A.D., Nummenmaa, L., Oosterhof, N.N., Henson, R.N., Haxby, J.V., and Calder, A.J. (2010) Differential activation of frontoparietal attention networks by social and symbolic spatial cues, Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(4), 432-440
Ewbank, M.P., Fox, E., Calder, A.J. (2010) The Interaction between gaze and facial expression in the amygdala and extended amygdala is modulated by anxiety., Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4:56
Fairchild, G., Stobbe, Y., van Goozen, S.H.M., Calder, A.J., & Goodyer, I.M. (2010) Facial expression recognition, fear conditioning and startle modulation in females with Conduct Disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 68(3), 272-279
Lawson, R.P., Ewbank, M.P., Henson, R.N., Calder, A.J. (2010) Does your EBA response to my bum look big? Differential sensitivity to body orientation in the extrastriate body area, Journal of Vision, 10(7), 686
Murphy, F.C., Hill, E., Ramponi, C., Calder, A.J. & Barnard, P.J. (2010) Paying attention to emotional images with impact, Emotion, 10(5), 605-614
Nummenmaa, L., Passamonti, L., Rowe, J.. Engell, A.D. and Calder, A.J. (2010) Connectivity Analysis Reveals a Cortical Network for Eye Gaze Perception, Cerebral Cortex, 20(8), 1780-1787
Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Goodyer, I.M., Hurford, G., Hagan, C.C., Rowe, J.B., Calder, A.J. (2010) Neural Abnormalities in both Early-Onset and Adolescence-Onset Conduct Disorder, Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 729-738
Philip, R.C.M, Whalley, H.C., Stanfield, A.C., Sprengelmeyer, R., Santos, I.M., Young, A.W., Atkinson, A.P., Calder, A.J., Johnstone, E.C., Lawrie, S.M. Hall, J. (2010) Deficits in facial, body movement and vocal emotional processing in autism spectrum disorders, Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1919-1929
Ramponi, C., Murphy, F.C., Calder, A.J, & Barnard, P.J. (2010) Recognition Memory for Pictorial Material in Subclinical Depression, Acta Psychologica, 135(3) 293-301
Sauter, D.A., Eisner, F., Calder, A.J., and Scott, S.K. (2010) Perceptual cues in nonverbal vocal expressions of emotion, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(11), 2251-2272
Stoyanova, R., Ewbank, M. & Calder, A.J. (2010) You talkin’ to me? Self-relevant auditory signals influence perception of gaze direction, Psychological Science, 21(12), 1765-1769
YU, R., Mobbs, D., Seymour, B., Calder, A.J. (2010) Insula and Striatum Mediate the Default Bias, Journal of Neuroscience, 30(44), 14702-14707
Bediou, B., Eimer, M., d’Amato, T., Hauk, O. & Calder, A.J. (2009) In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in reward-drive modulate early frontocentral ERPs to angry faces, Neuropsychologia, 47(3), 825-834
Duchaine, B., Jenkins, R. Germaine, L, Calder, A.J. (2009) Normal gaze discrimination and adaptation in seven prosopagnosics, Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2029–2036
Ewbank, M.P., Barnard, P.J., Croucher, C.J., Ramponi, C. and Calder, A.J (2009) The amygdala response to images with impact, Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(2), 127-133.
Ewbank, M.P., Jennings, C., Calder, A.J. (2009) Why are you angry with me? Facial expressions of threat influence perception of gaze direction., Journal of Vision, 9(12), 16, 1 -7
Ewbank, M.P., Lawrence, A.D., Passamonti, L. Keane, J., Peers, P. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Anxiety predicts a differential neural response to attended and unattended facial signals of anger and fear, NeuroImage, 44(3), 1144-1151
Fairchild, G., Van Goozen, S.H.M., Calder, A.J., Stollery, S.J. & Goodyer, I.M. (2009) Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset Conduct Disorder, The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 627–636
Ghosh, B.C.P., Rowe, J.B., Calder, A.J., Hodges, J.R. & Bak, T.H. (2009) Emotion Recognition in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry,80(10), 1143-1145
Hagan, C., Woods, W., Johnson,S., Calder, A.J., Green, G.G.R., and Young, A.W. (2009) MEG demonstrates a supra-additive response to facial and vocal emotion in right superior temporal sulcus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(47), 20010-20015
Lawson, R.P., Clifford, C.W.G, & Calder, A.J. (2009) About Turn: The Visual Representation of Human Body Orientation Revealed by Adaptation, Psychological Science, 20(3), 363-371
Mobbs, D. YU, R., Meyer, M., Passamonti, L, Seymour, B., Calder, A.J., Schweizer, S., Frith, C.D. & Dalgleish, T. (2009) A key role for similarity in vicarious reward, Science, 324(5929), 900
Murphy, F.C., Wilde, G., Ogden, N., Barnard, P.J. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Assessing the automaticity of moral processing: Efficient coding of moral information during narrative comprehension, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(1), 41-49
Nummenmaa L. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Neural mechanisms of social attention, Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(3), 135-143
Passamonti, L., Rowe, J.B., Ewbank, M., Hampshire, A., Keane, J. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Connectivity from the ventral anterior cingulate to the amygdala is modulated by appetitive motivation in response to facial signals of aggression, NeuroImage, 15, 43(3), 562–570
Passamonti, L., Rowe, J.B., Schwarzbauer, C., Ewbank, M.P., , von dem Hagen, E. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Personality Predicts the Brain’s Response to Viewing Appetizing Foods: The Neural Basis of a Risk Factor for Overeating, Journal of Neuroscience, 29(1), 43-51
von dem Hagen, E., Beaver, J.D., Ewbank, M.P., Keane, J., Passamonti, L., Lawrence, A.D. & Calder, A.J. (2009) Leaving a bad taste in your mouth but not in my insula, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(4), 379-386
Beaver, J.D., Lawrence, A.D, Passamonti, L., and Calder, A.J. (2008) Appetitive Motivation Predicts the Neural Response to Facial Signals of Aggression, Journal of Neuroscience, 28(11), 2719-2725
Calder, A.J., Jenkins, R., Cassel, A., and Clifford, C.W.G (2008) Visual representation of eye gaze is coded by a non-opponent multichannel system, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(2), 244-261
Calder, A.J. & Nummenmaa, L. (2007) Face cells: Separate processing of expression and gaze in the amygdala,, Current Biology, 17(10), R371-372.
Calder, A.J., Beaver, J.D., Davis, M.H., Van Ditzhuijzen, J., Keane, J. & Lawrence, A.D. (2007) Disgust sensitivity predicts the insula and pallidal response to pictures of disgusting foods, European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(11), 3422-3428
Calder, A.J., Beaver, J.D., Winston, J.S., Dolan, R.J., Jenkins, R., Eger, E. & Henson, R.N.A. (2007) Separate Coding of Different Gaze Directions in the Superior Temporal Sulcus and Inferior Parietal Lobule, Current Biology, 17(1), 20-25
Fox, E., Mathews, A., Calder, A.J. & and Yiend, J. (2007) Anxiety and Sensitivity to Gaze Direction in Emotionally Expressive Faces., Emotion, 7(3), 478-486
Kipps, C.M., Duggins, A.J., McCusker, E.A. & Calder, A.J. (2007) Disgust and happiness recognition correlate with anteroventral insula and amygdala volume respectively in preclinical Huntington’s Disease., Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(7), 1206-1217
Ward, R., Calder, A.J., Parker , M. & Arend, I. (2007) Emotion recognition following human pulvinar damage, Neuropsychologia, 45(8), 1973-1978
Beaver, J., Lawrence, A., Van Ditzhuijzen, J., Davis, M.H., Woods, A. & Calder, A.J. (2006) Individual Differences in Reward Drive Predict Neural Responses to Images of Food, The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(19), 5160-5166
Chen, C.H., Lennox, B., Jacob, R., Calder, A., Lupson, V., Bishbrown-Chippendale, R., Suckling, J. & Bullmore, E (2006) Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed states of bipolar disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Biological Psychiatry, 59(1), 31-39
Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D. & Calder, A.J. (2006) I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception, Psychological Science, 17(6), 506-513
Calder, A., Young, A (2005) Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(8), 641-651
Calder, A.J. & Jansen, J. (2005) Configural Coding of Facial Expressions: The Impact of Inversion and Photographic Negative, Visual Cognition, 12(3), 495-518
Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Lawrence, A.D. & Manes, F. (2004) Impaired Recognition of Anger Following Damage to the Ventral Striatum, Brain, 127(9), 1958-1969
Lawrence, A.D. & Calder, A.J. (2004) Homologizing human emotions, In: Emotion, Evolution, and Rationality by Dylan Evans & Pierre Cruse, 15-50, Oxford University Press
Lawrence, A.D., Murphy, F.C. & Calder, A.J. (2004) Dissociating fear and disgust: implications for the structure of emotions, In Cognition, Emotion and Psychopathology: Theoretical, Empirical and Clinical Directions, 149-171 by Jenny Yiend
Lennox, B.R., Jacob, R., Calder, A.J., Lupson, V. & Bullmore, E.T. (2004) Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania, Psychological Medicine, 34(5),795-802.
Sauter, D.A., Calder, A.J. & Scott, S.K. (2004) Can positive basic emotions be identified in voice expressions?, Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 220
Calder, A.J. (2003) Disgust Discussed, Annals of Neurology, 53(4), 427-428
Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Manly, T., Sprengelmeyer, R., Scott, S.K., Nimmo-Smith, I. & Young, A.W. (2003) Facial Expression Recognition Across the Adult Life Span, Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 195-202
Mathews, AM, Yiend, J., Fox, E., and Calder, AJ (2003) The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention, Visual Cognition, 10(7), 823-835
Papps, B.P., Calder, A.J., Young, A.W. & O’Carroll, R. (2003) Dissociation of affective modulation of recollective and perceptual experience following amygdala damage, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 74(2), 253-254
Pollick, F.E., Hill, H., Calder, A.J.& Paterson, H. (2003) Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements., Perception, 32(7), 813-826
Stone, V., Baron-Cohen, S., Calder, A.J., Keane, J. & Young, A.W. (2003) Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions, Neuropsychologia, 41(2), 209-220
Calder, A.J., Lawrence, A.D., Keane, J., Scott, S.K., OWEN, A.M., Christoffels, I. & Young, A.W. (2002) Reading the mind from eye gaze, Neuropsychologia, 40(8), 1129-1138
Keane, J., Calder, A.J., Hodges, J.R. & Young, A.W. (2002) Face and emotion processing in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia, Neuropsychologia 40 (6), 655-665
Pollick, FE., Calder, A.J., Hill, H and Peterson, H (2002) Recognizing facial expression spatially and temporally modified movements, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 126
Richards, A., French, C.C., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Webb, B. & Fox, R. (2002) Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions, Emotion, 2(3), 273-287
Calder, A.J., Burton, A.M., Miller, P. Young, A.W., & Akamatsu, S. (2001) A Principal Component Analysis of Facial Expressions, Vision Research, 41(9), 1179-1208
Calder, A.J., Lawrence, A.D., & Young A.W. (2001) The Neuropsychology of Fear and Loathing, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 352-363
Lawrence, A.D., Calder, A.J., McGowan, S.M.& Grasby, P.M. (2001) Selective disruption of the recognition of facial expressions of anger., NeuroReport 13, 881-4, 2002
Lawrence, A.D., Calder, A.J., McGowan, S.W., & Grasby, P.M (2001) Systemic supride administration impairs anger recognition in healthy volunteers, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 26
Calder, A.J., Keane, J. Cole, J, Campbell, R. and Young, A.W. (2000) Facial expression recognition by people with Möbius Syndrome., Cognitive Neuropsychology: Special Issue: The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Face Recognition, 2000, 17 (1/2/3), 73-87.
Calder, A.J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N. & Young, A.W. (2000) Impaired Recognition and Experience of Disgust Following Brain Injury, Nature Neuroscience, 3 (11), 1077-1078
Calder, A.J., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Nimmo-Smith, I., Keane, J., Moriaty, J. & Perrett, D.I. (2000) Caricaturing facial expressions, Cognition 76(2), 105-146.
Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Keane, J., and Dean, M. (2000) Configural information in facial expression perception, JEP: Human Perception and Performance, 26(2), 527-551.
Calder, A.J. (1999) A review of Affective Neuroscience: The foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, Panksepp, J, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section B
Broks, P., Young, A.W., Maratos, E.J., Coffey, P.J., Calder, A.J., Isaac, C.L., Mayes, A.R., Hodges, J.R., Montaldi, D., Cezayirli, E., Roberts, N. & Hadley, D. (1998) Face processing impairments after encephalitis: amygdala damage and recognition of fear., Neuropsychologia, 36, 59-70.
Morris, J.S., Friston, K.J., Buechel, C., Frith, C.D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J. & Dolan, R.J. (1998) A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions., Brain, 121, 47-57.
Phillips, M.L., Young, A.W., Scott, S.K., Calder, A.J., Andrew, C., Giampietro, V., Williams, S.C.R., Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M., and Gray, J.A. (1998) Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust., Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (1998) 265, 1809-1817.
Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Rowland, D. & Perrett, D.I. (1997) Computer-enhanced emotion in facial expressions., Proc. Royal Society of London B, 264, 919-925
Phillips, M.L., Young, A.W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrews, C., Calder, A.J., Bullmore, E.T., Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Williams, S.C.R., Gray, J.A. & David, A.S. (1997) A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust., Nature, 389, 495-498.
Scott, S.K., Calder, A.J., & Young, A.W (1997) Impaired perception of auditory emotions after bilateral amygdala lesions Loss of fear and anger, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 224
Scott, S.K., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Hellawell, D.J., Aggleton, J.P. & Johnson, M. (1997) Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions., Nature, 385, 254-257
Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Pundt, I., Sprengelmeyer, A., Calder, A.J., Berrios, G., Winkel, R., Vollmöeller, W., Kuhn, W., Sartory, G. & Przuntek, H. (1997) Disgust implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder., Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 264, 1767-1773.
Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Sprengelmeyer, A., Calder, A.J., Rowland, D., Perrett, D., Hömberg, V. & Lange, H. (1997) Recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions in Huntington’s disease., Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 839-879.
Young, A.W., Rowland, D., Calder, A.J., Etcoff, N.L., Seth, A. & Perrett, D.I. (1997) Megamixing facial expressions, Cognition, 63(3), 271-313.
Young, A.W., Sprengelmeyer, R., Phillips, M. & Calder, A.J. (1997) Response from Young, Sprengelmeyer, Phillips and Calder., Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(9), 322-325.
Calder, A.J. & Young, A.W. (1996) Self priming: a short-term benefit of repetition, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 845-861
Calder, A.J., Young, A.W. Rowland, D., Perrett, D.I., Hodges, J.R. & Etcoff, N.L. (1996) Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699-745
Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Benson, P.J. & Perrett, D.I. (1996) Self priming from distinctive and caricatured faces. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 141-162
Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Perrett, D.I., Etcoff, N.L. & Rowland, D. (1996) Categorical perception of morphed facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 3(2), 81-117
Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J. & Dolan, R.J. (1996) A differential neural response in the human amygdala to tearful and happy facial expressions., Nature, 383, 812-815
Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Karnat, A., Lange, H., Hömberg, V., Perrett, D.I. & Rowland, D. (1996) Loss of disgust: Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington’s disease. Brain 119(5), 1647-1665
Bredart, S., Valentine, T., Calder, A.J. & Gassi, L. (1995) An interactive activation model of face naming, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A(2), 466-486
[/toggle]