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6 MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE: REHABILITATION SECTION PROGRESS REPORT
Overview
This programme, focused on the neuropsychological rehabilitation of memory and learning disorders, operates at the interface between clinical practice and academic research. The research projects in this programme reflect a balance between theoretically based experimental work and clinically driven therapeutic research. The patient groups studied are primarily those with cognitive problems resulting from non-progressive brain damage particularly traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, hypoxic brain injury and stroke.
The research conducted under this programme has resulted in changes in rehabilitation procedures throughout the United Kingdom, North America and Australia. Errorless learning for the rehabilitation of people with memory problems is now a widely accepted strategy by therapists and psychologists. Neuropage is another example of research influencing clinical practice. Following our studies in Cambridge and Ely, brain injured people throughout the United Kingdom can now access the paging service to help them be more independent in their daily lives. Our new tests have also changed neuropsychological assessment practice worldwide. We have focussed on ecologically valid tests that will predict everyday problems arising from cognitive impairments. Our tests of memory, unilateral neglect and executive functioning are used throughout the world and have been translated into several languages. More recently a test to monitor recovery from severe head injury, The Wessex Head Injury Matrix, is proving to be a useful clinical and research tool. It is one of the main measures in our collaborative study with Pickard and others at Addenbrooke's Hospital looking at the relationship between behavioural recovery and changes in the brain as measured by PET scans
A crucial component of the programme and an illustration of how research and clinical practice are interlinked is the working relationship established with Oliver Zangwill Centre for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. The centre opened in September 1996 as a result of a collaborative work between the MRC, the (former) Lifespan NHS trust, Anglia and Oxford Research and Development Initiative. The cognitive rehabilitation programme at the centre, aimed at patients with non-progressive brain injury aged between 16 and 65 years, allows a two-way transfer of findings from scientific research and clinical practice. We are able to implement findings from psychology and allied sciences within a health service context that, in turn, provides suitable patients and an appropriate environment for both group and single case studies designed by cognitive and clinical psychologists and neuroscientists. We have introduced rehabilitation therapies that have been designed from a theoretical basis, and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of rehabilitation outcomes. Thus, the Oliver Zangwill Centre (OZC) offers a substantial and perhaps unique capacity to evaluate theoretical models.
One example where two research studies have led to a new clinical service based at the OZC is the introduction of Neuropage. This uses a simple and portable paging device, with a screen, that can be attached to a belt worn by the patient. The system uses an arrangement of microcomputers linked to a conventional computer memory, and by telephone, to a paging company. The scheduling of reminders for each individual is entered into the computer and, from then on no further interfacing is necessary. On the appropriate date and time NeuroPage accesses the user's data files, determines the reminder to be delivered and transmits the information. A pilot study (Wilson, Evans, Emslie, & Malinek, 1997); two single case studies (Evans, Emslie, & Wilson, 1998) and (Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, & Evans, 1999) and a randomised control study (Wilson, Emslie, Quirk, & Evans, 2001) demonstrated that NeuroPage significantly reduces the everyday memory and/or planning problems of people with brain injury. As a result of this research, East Fenland Primary Care Trust (formerly Lifespan NHS) now runs NeuroPage as a commercial service.
Our studies of errorless learning which form part of project M5 have also resulted in changes in clinical practice. Errorless learning is a teaching technique whereby people are prevented, as far as possible, from making mistakes while learning a new skill or acquiring new information. Earlier work by Wilson and Baddeley demonstrated the superiority of errorless over errorful learning for people with severe memory disorders following non-progressive brain injury. A series of studies by Wilson and Clare in collaboration with Hodges has demonstrated that errorless learning is a useful method for teaching practical, everyday information to people with dementia of the Alzheimer type (Clare, Wilson, Breen, & Hodges, 1999; Clare et al., 2000; Clare, Wilson, Carter, Hodges, & Adams, 2001). In some instances, information taught is well retained at 1 - 3 years follow-up despite the fact that the disease is progressing. Potentially this is an important clinical finding suggesting that some practical information can be taught in the early/moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease that can be retained (possibly with practice) when the disease progresses and could enable people with dementia to remain for longer outside institutional care. Psychologists and therapists working in memory rehabilitation for people with non-progressive conditions routinely apply errorless learning approaches when teaching new skills or new information to their brain injured clients.
Prior to any treatment patients require a detailed assessment. One of the most crucial components of scientific research is the sensitivity, validity and reliability of the tools for measurement. Measurement instruments fulfilling these criteria are often difficult to establish in the field of cognitive neuroscience where the underlying processes are poorly understood. Furthermore, tests developed in the laboratory often bear little relationship to the ways in which these underlying processes - like various forms of memory - are actually used in the service of real-life, everyday behaviour. For several years Wilson has been involved in the development of ecologically valid tests to predict behaviour outside the laboratory or clinic. The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (Wilson, Cockburn, & Baddeley, 1985), for example, is a good predictor of likely success in employment or independent living but is less good at detecting subtle or mild memory deficits. Consequently, a more probing version of the test (Wilson, Clare, Baddeley, Cockburn, Watson and Tate, 1999) has been developed and published.
In addition to tests for people who are fully conscious, we have also been working with patients in states of reduced awareness following severe head injury. As patients emerge from coma, recovery is usually monitored using simple checklists of behaviours and skills. Using neuroimaging, electrophysiology and behavioural assessment we have investigated links and preliminary results show very promising relationships between behaviour and neurometabolic coupling – a result that has enormous implications both theoretically in terms of theories of recovery and clinically in terms of neuroprotection and prediction of outcome.
In a second project we investigated brain function in people who are in the vegetative state or who are minimally conscious for signs of covert cognition. Results are being analysed on a single case basis and to date, have confirmed results of behavioural evaluation
Project M5: Theoretically derived treatment techniques for cognitive disabilities following brain injury
Scientific Direction: Wilson (40%), Shiel (25%)
Grant supported scientists Emslie (20%), Greenfield (5%)
Research support Clare (60%), Hawkins (45%), Carter (50%), Foley (25%).
M5.1 Errorless learning
The main theoretical issue explored over the past five years is whether errorless learning is primarily dependent on implicit memory (as suggested by Baddeley & Wilson 1994) or explicit memory (as suggested by Squires, Hunkin, & Parkin, 1997) or a combination of both of these mechanisms. In collaboration with Norris and Page, we designed an experiment to help answer the question. We tested people with very severe memory impairment and people with moderate memory impairment on both errorless and errorful learning and on both implicit and explicit recall. We made three predictions:
1. If errorless learning depended on implicit memory, then both the severely impaired and moderately impaired people should benefit from the implicit-errorless learning condition as both groups are able to use implicit memory.
2. If errorless learning works by capitalising on residual explicit memory, then those with some episodic memory functioning (i.e. the moderately impaired people) will benefit from the explicit-errorless learning condition more than those with no/very little episodic memory functioning (i.e. the severely impaired group).
3. If both explanations were correct, then we would expect the severely impaired group to benefit from errorless learning only under the implicit-errorless learning condition, whereas those with some episodic functioning will benefit from both errorless learning conditions.
In addition we gave two recognition memory experiments and a source memory experiment. As well as asking participants to recognise target words from novel words, we wanted to see if they could recognise their own errors. In the source memory experiment two sets of words were presented and participants had to decide either how pleasant or how imageable the word was. Later, they were required to recognise whether each word had been presented earlier and if a response was yes, they had to say whether the word was in the pleasant or the imageable list.
Two separate experiments confirmed that errorless learning is superior to errorful learning under implicit memory conditions. This is true both for those with severe memory impairment and for those with moderate memory impairment.. Thus our first prediction was born out. Our second prediction was that if residual explicit memory was the reason then the moderately impaired group (i.e. those with some episodic memory functioning) will benefit more from the explicit errorless learning than the severely impaired group. The results were less clear cut here but the severely impaired group scored marginally better than the moderately impaired group. The third prediction was that if both explanations were correct then the severely impaired group would benefit only under the implicit and not the explicit errorless conditions whereas the moderately impaired group would benefit under the implicit and explicit conditions. This was not true. The severely impaired group benefited under both the implicit and explicit conditions (probably because they used implicit memory regardless), whereas the moderate group showed no difference in Experiment 2 between the errorless and errorful conditions.
The major point of interest from the recognition tasks is that both severely and moderately memory impaired people have difficulty discriminating between target words and their own self generated errors. Again, once an error is introduced into a damaged episodic memory system, it is hard to distinguish the error from a correct response. In turn, this is likely to mean errors are difficult to eliminate in real life situations, so trial-and-error learning should be avoided.
Finally, confirmation in support of errorless learning is provided, indirectly, from the source memory tasks. Participants, at least to some extent, were able to tell if they had encountered a word before, but they were poor at knowing whether it had come from the pleasantness rating list or the imageability list. In practice, this means that information can be learned but memory impaired people cannot tell where they learned the information. The link with errorless learning is that here too, information can be learned, but without an adequate episodic memory system, incorrect information will not be rejected as the sources of the correct and incorrect information cannot be distinguished.
M5.2 Compensatory memory aids
In addition to errorless learning we are interested in compensatory memory aids. We have been involved in both modifying technology and in identifying variables that predict use of memory aids. The very successful NeuroPage studies have been described above. These studies were funded by the National Health Service Research and Development Initiative. One ongoing study, also based at the OZC and funded by the Private Patients Plan, is a collaborative project with Newell and Gregor at the University of Dundee. This project 'Memojog' involves the design and evaluation of an electronic organiser that avoids some of the limitations of NeuroPage. It is an interactive system with a two-way transfer of messages that allows the individual users more control, since they can enter their own messages. We are also investigating the possibility of a voice-operated system.
A completed study was carried out in collaboration with Wright (Cardiff) on another NHS R&D grant. We compared two kinds of palmtop/electronic organisers. We found that high frequency users preferred the organiser with a key board whereas low frequency users made more entries using a stylised pen. This means essentially that different clients have different preferences but those who are likely to use their organisers a great deal will probably prefer to use one with a key board while those who only use their organisers occasionally are likely to prefer one requiring a stylised pen.
Another study was a survey carried out with funding awarded to Evans, Wilson and Brentnall, from the NHS R&D to look at which memory impaired people make good use of memory aids. This was carried out to determine the accuracy of a theoretical framework proposed in 1996 by Wilson and Watson (1996). The latest survey (Evans, Wilson, Needham, & Brentnall, in press) having found support for the Wilson and Watson framework also identified further variables that best predict use of memory aids. Interviews were conducted with 101 people with memory problems resulting from brain injury and their carers. Use of memory aids correlated with overall level of independence (as in the Wilson and Watson study). The variables that best predicted use of memory aids were 1) current age, 2) time since injury (this was different from the previous study), 3) number of aids used premorbidly, 4) a measure of attentional functioning. The last mentioned was not measured in the earlier study .
M5.3 Issues in Cognitive Rehabilitation
Cognitive rehabilitation is a complex field that should address the social, behavioural and emotional difficulties that often accompany the cognitive deficits consequent upon brain damage. Colleagues at the OZC particularly Evans and Williams (now at the University of Exeter) have been instrumental in combining cognitive remediation strategies with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). Although CBT is one of the best validated approaches for dealing with emotional disorders, it has only recently been used for people with brain injury. Williams, Evans, & Wilson (in press a) describe its successful use with this client group. Williams, Evans, Wilson, & Needham (in press b) also report on the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder in a community sample of people with non-progressive brain injury.
In a major recent publication, Wilson (2002) has provided a provisional model of cognitive rehabilitation in which she attempts to synthesise a number of different models that have influenced the field. These include models of cognition, emotion, behaviour assessment and recovery. The two basic assumptions are that (1) neuropsychological rehabilitation is concerned with the amelioration of cognitive, social and emotional deficits caused by an insult to the brain and (2) the main purposes of such rehabilitation are to enable people with disabilities to achieve their optimum level of well being, to reduce the impact of their problems on everyday life and to help them return to their own, most appropriate environments. From this it follows that no one model, theory or framework can deal with all the difficulties facing people with brain impairments. These often include multiple cognitive impairments as well as accompanying social, emotional and behavioural problems. Those engaged in neuropsychological rehabilitation should draw on a number of theoretical approaches in order to address the functional, everyday problems that people with brain injury and their families try to overcome. Of the many theories that impact on rehabilitation, four areas are, perhaps, of particular importance: namely theories of cognitive functioning, emotion, behaviour and learning. These are incorporated into Wilson's provisional model. Consideration is also given to theories of assessment, recovery and compensation.
Project M6: New assessment procedures for identifying and monitoring cognitive deficits.
Scientific direction: Wilson (35%), Shiel (25%)
Grant supported scientists: Emslie (80%), Greenfield (90%)
Research support: Clare (30%), Hawkins (45%), Carter (50%), Foley (50%).
A major focus of the research group has been to develop new and better procedures for assessing and identifying cognitive deficits. In doing this, we have focussed on ecologically valid tests that will predict everyday problems arising from cognitive impairments. The resulting tests of memory, unilateral neglect and executive functioning have changed neuropsychological assessment practice worldwide. The major areas of test development are summarised below.
The Extended Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test developed in collaboration with Tate at the University of Sydney was published in 1998. This test was designed to avoid floor and ceiling effects and thus detect subtle memory impairments in both non brain injured and brain injured people. Unlike the original RBMT, the Extended RBMT includes faces of European, African and Asian origin and is more suitable for use in multicultural societies. The sample used to standardise and norm the test also included people from European, African and Asian backgrounds. A study carried out with 45 neurologically impaired people who were given the original and extended versions, in counter balanced order, separated those with reasonable scores on the easier, original version into good, average, poor and impaired subgroups on the more difficult, later version. One further modification is the option of a model route for those people unable to complete the real route to assess learning of a new route.
A further test that we have been working on over the past five years is the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test. This is nearing completion. Prospective memory involves remembering to do something at the right time, or within a certain interval or when a certain event occurs. The most common memory complaints are connected to with failures of prospective memory yet this aspect of memory function is rarely assessed formally. The RBMT and the Extended RBMT both contain some prospective memory tasks but there was a need for a more clinically sensitive, ecologically valid test of prospective memory. A pilot study was carried out with Groot, a visiting Dutch student, (Groot, Wilson, Evans, & Watson, 2002). Further work modified the pilot version before collection of norms on a non brain injured population and a group of brain injured people. To date we have seen about 180 controls and 30 people with brain injury. As usual we have had problems tracking down control participants who are of below average intellectual functioning. Collaboration with Mockler in Colchester and McCarthy and Kingsley in London promises to rectify this situation and we plan to complete this test by early 2003.
Another successful, ecologically valid test influenced by two theoretical models - the Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) and the Supervisory Attentional System Model (Norman & Shallice, 1986) - is the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) (Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie, & Evans, 1996). The BADS is a useful measure both for people with brain injury and for people with schizophrenia. Following several requests for a children's version of the BADS and a grant from the NHS R&D, Emslie and Wilson in collaboration with Colin Wilson from Belfast and Burden from Cambridge, have modified the adult version of the BADS to make it suitable for children. We have collected norms on 262 children aged 8-16 from mainstream schools and a group of more than 60 children with neurological problems. The test should be completed by the end of 2002.
Wilson and Evans were recently awarded a grant from the NHS R&D to develop measures to assess divided attention deficits in people with brain injury. It is not uncommon for people with brain injury to complain that they cannot do two things at the same time (e.g. "Don't talk to me while I am walking as I can't concentrate."). With Greenfield we have begun piloting a series of tests that involve (a) a single cognitive task, (b) a single motor task, (c) dual cognitive tasks, (d) dual motor tasks and (e) dual cognitive and motor tasks. We have given these tasks to patients and controls and, following further modifications, we are ready to collect norms on them. Not only should we produce a sensitive, reliable and valid test of divided attention, at the completion of this study but we should also be in a position to plan a treatment study to try to reduce deficits of divided attention.
Project M7: Predicting Recovery from Brain Injury
Scientific Direction: Shiel (50%), Wilson (25%)
Grant supported scientists: Greenfield (5%)
Research support Clare (20%), Hawkins (10%), Foley (25%).
In collaboration with Dr A Owen (CBU), Prof JD Pickard and Mr L Gelling (Dept of Academic Neurosurgery), Prof DK Menon (Neurosurgical Critical Care unit [NCCU]), Dr T Fryer (Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre [WBIC]), Dr S Boniface and Dr M Coleman (Department of Neurophysiology), Ms L Hooper and Ms L Elliott (Physiotherapy Department) Ms R Jackson (Occupational Therapy Department) , we are carrying out a series of studies to determine (a) which early behaviours following coma predict outcome and (b) whether behavioural changes mirror changes seen in brain activity as measured by PET imaging and electrophysiology.
These studies began in December 1999. The first study examines changes in behaviour, changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and changes in electrophysiological measures (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during and immediately after coma. To date 12 patients have been entered into the first part of the study and two patients rescanned after coma. Preliminary results show that there is a 50 per cent decrease in overall rCBF during coma. It is possible that an association exists between neurometabolic coupling (EEG and PET) and scores on the Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) both at the time of scanning and one month later. Further data are required, however, to support both of these preliminary findings. This study stimulated a further piece of research looking at the effects of posture on arousal. A grant proposal has been submitted to fund a research physiotherapist for a period of two years to investigate this more systematically. Preliminary results of a single case study have been presented (Crossley et al 2002) and two papers and a symposium are in preparation.
A second strand of the research is examining patients diagnosed as being in the vegetative state in order to compare behaviours as measured on the WHIM with patterns of brain activation and electrophysiology. Assessment and diagnosis of the vegetative state is traditionally determined by behavioural observation alone. The relationships between PET activation in response to familiar faces and words, electrophysiology and behavioural observations are being investigated. The aim is to illuminate the relationship between these observations and the other measures, which should ultimately lead to more accurate diagnosis. To date, three patients have been scanned but scanning had to be abandoned in two further cases due to patients' movement. This has led to the protocol being re-written in order to allow sedation during the scans. Collaboration in this project is being developed with the Rehabilitation Hospital in Leamington Spa, which specialises in treating patients who are vegetative or minimally conscious. This will facilitate further recruitment and ensure that a significant number of patients diagnosed as vegetative are recruited to the study. At present we scan one patient every month.
The third aspect of this programme is concerned with post-traumatic amnesia. Previous work by Wilson et al (Wilson, Baddeley, Shiel, & Patton, 1992; Wilson, Evans et al., 1999) has demonstrated that patients in PTA have a wide range of deficits in addition to problems of memory and orientation and that emergence from PTA is a gradual change rather than an all or nothing event. A new test of PTA has been developed and data collection has begun. There are eight parallel forms of the test and data on parallel form reliability with controls has also started.
AWARDS AND HONOURS (since 1997)
1996-1998 Chair of British Neuropsychological Society
1998 Awarded an OBE in New Year's Honours List for Services to Medical Rehabilitation
1998-1999 Vice-Chair of United Kingdom Acquired Brain Injury Forum
2000 Awarded The British Psychological Society Award for Distinguished Contributions to Professional Psychology
2001 Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
2001 Fellow of the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences
PUBLICATIONS
Refereed journals
Baddeley, A.D. & WILSON, B.A. (2002). Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1737-1743.
Burgess, P.W., ALDERMAN, N., EVANS, J., EMSLIE, H., WILSON, B.A. (1998). The ecological validity of test of executive function. Journal of the international Neuropsychological Society, 4, 547-558.
CLARE, L. ,WILSON, B.A., Breen, E.K., & HODGES, J.R. (1999). Errorless learning of face-name associations in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase, 5, 37-46.
CLARE L, WILSON B.A . Carter G, Breen K, Berrios G & HODGES J.R. (2002) Depression and anxiety in memory clinic attenders and their carers: implications for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 17, 962-967
CLARE, L., WILSON, B.A., Carter, G., Breen, K., Gosses, A. & HODGES, J.R. (2000). Intervening with everyday memory problems in Dementia of Alzheimer Type: An errorless learning approach. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 132-146.
CLARE, L., WILSON, B.A., CARTER, G., HODGES, J.R., & ADAMS, M. (2001). Long-term maintenance of treatment gains following a cognitive rehabilitation intervention in early dementia of Alzheimer type: A single vase study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 11, 477-494.
CLARE L., WILSON, B.A, Carter, G, Roth, I. & HODGES, J.R. (2002) Relearning face-name associations in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 16 538-547
CLARE, L., WILSON, B.A., EMSLIE, H., Tate, R., & WATSON, P. (2000). Adapting the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test Extended Version (RBMT-E) for people with restricted mobility. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 363*369.
DOBLER, V.B., MANLY, T., Atkinson, J., WILSON, B.A., IOANNOU, K., & Robertson, I.H., (2001). Interaction of hand use and spatial selective attention in children. Neuropsychologia, 39, 1055-1064.
EVANS, J.J., Chua, S.E., McKenna, P.J., & WILSON, B.A. (1997). Assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 27, 635-646.
EVANS, J.J., EMSLIE, H., & WILSON, B.A. (1998). External cueing systems in the rehabilitation of executive impairments of action. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 399-108.
EVANS, J.J., Needham, P., & WILSON, B.A. (2000). Performance of individuals with brain injury on the Ravens Matrices rate of decay formula for the detection of malingering. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment, 2, 97-101.
EVANS, J.J., WILSON, B.A., Needham, P., & Brentnall, S. (in press). Who makes good use of memory-aids: Results of a survey of 100 people with acquired brain injury, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.
EVANS, J.J., WILSON, B.A., Schuri, U., ANDRADE, J., BADDELEY, A., Bruna, O., Canavan, T., Della Sala, S., Green, R., Laaksonen, R., Lorenzi, L., & Taussik, I. (2000). A comparison pf "errorless" and "trial-and-error" learning methods for teaching individuals with acquired memory deficits. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 10, 67-101.
GROOT, Y.C.T., WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J., WATSON, P. (2002). Prospective memory functioning in people with and without brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 645-654.
Levine, B., ROBERTSON,I.H., CLARE, L., Carter, G., Hong, J. WILSON, B.A., DUNCAN, J., & Stuss, D.T. (2000). Rehabilitation of executive functioning: An experimental-clinical validation of Goal Management Training. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 299-312.
McGlone, J., Black, S.E., EVANS, J., Parkin, A., Sadler, M., Sita, A. Squires, E., Studd, D., & WILSON, B.A. (1999). Criterion-based validity of an intercarotoid amobarbital recognition memory protocol. Epilepsia, 40, 430-438.
McMillan, T.M., ROBERTSON, I.H., & WILSON, B.A. (1999). Neurogenesis after brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 9, 129-133.
SHIEL, A., Burn, J.P.S., Henry, D., Clark, J., WILSON, B.A., Burnett, M.E., & McLellen, D.L. (2001). The effects of increased rehabilitation therapy after brain injury: Results of a prospective controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15, 501-514.
SHIEL, A., Horn, S.A., WILSON, B.A., WATSON, M.J., Campbell, M.J., & McLellen, D.L. (2000). The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM) main scale: A preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clinical Rehabilitation, 14, 408-416.
Watson, M.J., Horn, S.A., & Wilson, B.A. (1999). Assessing a minimally responsive brain injured person. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 6, 436-441.
SHIEL, A., & WILSON, B.A. (1998). Assessment of extremely severe head injury in a case of life or death: Further support for McMillan. Brain Injury, 12, 806-816.
WATSON, M.J., Horn, S.A., & WILSON, B.A. (1999). Assessing a minimally responsive brain injured person. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 6, 436-441.
WATSON, M.J., Horn, S., WILSON, B.A., Shiel, A., & McLellen, D.L. (1997). The application of a paired comparisons technique to identify sequence of recovery after severe head injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 7, 441-458.
Williams, W.H., EVANS, J.J., & WILSON, B.A. (1999). Outcome measures for survivors of acquired brain injury in day and outpatient neurorehabilitation programmes. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 9, 421-436.
Williams, W.H., EVANS, J.J., & WILSON, B.A. (in press). Neurorehabilitation for two cases of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic brain injury.
Williams, W.H., EVANS, J.J., WILSON, B.A., & Needham, P. (in press). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after sever brain injury in a representative community sample. Brain Injury.
Wills, P., CLARE, L., SHIEL, A., & WILSON, B.A. (2000). Assessing subtle impairments in the everyday memory performance if brain injured people: Exploring the potential of the Extended Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test. Brain Injury, 14, 693-704.
WILSON, B.A. (1997) Cognitive rehabilitation: How it is and how it might be. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 487-496.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Reply to George Prigatano. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, p. 500.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Semantic memory impairments following non-progressive brain-damage: A study of four cases. Brain Injury, 11, 259-269.
WILSON, B.A. (1998). Recovery of cognitive functions following non-progressive brain injury. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 8, 281-287.
WILSON, B.A. (1999). Why I study brain injury. The Psychologist, 12, 594-595.
WILSON, B.A. (2000). Compensating for cognitive deficits following brain injury. Neuropsychology Review, 10, 233-243.
WILSON, B.A. (2000). Research-led practice. The Psychologist, 13, 32-33.
WILSON, B.A. (2002). Towards a comprehensive model of cognitive rehabilitation. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12, 97-110.
WILSON, B.A., BADDELEY, A.D., & Young, A.W. (1999). LE, A person who lost her 'mind's eye'. Neurocase, 5, 119-127.
WILSON, B.A., Balleny, H., PATTERSON, K., & HODGES, J.R. (1999). Myotonic dystrophy and progressive cognitive decline: A common condition or two separate problems? Cortex, 35, 113-121.
WILSON, B.A., CLARE, L., Young, A., & HODGES, J. (1997). Knowing where and knowing what: A double dissociation. Cortex, 33, 529-541.
WILSON, B.A. & Cockburn, J. (1997). A seven- to fourteen-year follow-up study of adults with very severe intellectual impairment following a neurological insult. Journal of Rehabilitation Outcomes Measurement, 1, 60-66.
WILSON, B.A., EMSLIE, H., Quirk, K., & EVANS, J. (1999). George: Learning to live independently with NeuroPage®. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44, 284-296.
WILSON, B.A., EMSLIE, H.C., Quirk, K., & EVANS, J.J. (2001). Reducing everyday memory and planning problems by means of a paging system: A randomised control crossover study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70477-482.
WILSON, B.A., & EVANS, J.J. (1998). Cognitive handicap: The hidden disability. Journal of Personal Injury Litigation, 4, 308-311.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J.J., EMSLIE, H., ALDERMAN, N., & Burgess, P. (1998). The development of an ecologically valid test for assessing patients with a dysexecutive syndrome. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8, 213-228.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J.J., EMSLIE, H., Balleny, H., Watson, P.C., & BADDELEY, A.D. (1999). Measuring recovery from post traumatic amnesia. Brain Injury, 13, 505-520.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J.J. EMSLIE, H., & MALINEK, V. (1997). Evaluation of NeuroPage: A new memory aid. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 63, 113-115.
WILSON, B.A., Gracey, F., & Bainbridge, K. (2001). Cognitive recovery from 'persistent vegetative state': Psychological and personal perspectives. Brain Injury, 15, 1083-1092.
WILSON, B.A., J.C., & Hughes, E. (1997). Coping with amnesia: The natural history of a compensatory memory system. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 7, 43-56.
WILSON, B.A., & Pender, N. (1998). Outcome measures in brain injury rehabilitation. Report of a seminar on current practice. Clinical Psychology Forum, 111, 16-17.
WILSON, B.A., SHIEL, A., McLellan, L., Horn, S., & Watson, M.A. (2001). Monitoring recovery of cognitive function following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Impairment, 2, 22-28.
WILSON, B.A., & WATSON, P. (in press). Performance of People with non-progressiver brain injury and organic memory impairment. To appear in J.Knight and E. Kaplan (eds) The Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Handbook. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources
WILSON, B.A., Watson, P.C., BADDELEY, A.D., EMSLIE, H., & EVANS, J.J. (2000). Improvement or simply practice? The effects of twenty repeated assessments on people with and without brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 469-479.
WRIGHT, P., BARTRAM, C., ROGERS, N., EMSLIE, H., EVANS, J., WILSON, B.A., & Belt, S. (2000). Text entry on handheld computers by older users. Ergonomics, 43, 702-716.
Wright, P., ROGERS, N., HALL, C., WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J.J., EMSLIE, H., & BARTRAM, C. (2001). Comparison of pocket-computer aids for people with brain injury. Brain Injury, 15, 787-800.
WRIGHT, P., ROGERS, N., HALL, C., WILSON, EVANS, J., & EMSLIE, H. (in press). Enhancing an appointment diary on a pocket computer for by people after brain injury. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 24.
Books
Baddeley, A.D., Kopelman, M., & WILSON, B.A. (in press). The Handbook of Memory Disorders, second edition. Chichester: John Wiley.
CLARE, L., & WILSON, B.A. (1997). Coping with Memory Problems: A Practical Guide for People with Memory Impairments, Relatives, Friends and Carers. Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
WILSON, B.A. (1999). Case Studies in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (Ed.) (in press). Theory and Practice in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Swets and Zeitlinger.
WILSON, B.A., Herbert, C., & SHIEL, A. (in press). Behavioural Approaches in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. Psychological Press.
WILSON, B.A., & McLellan, L. (Eds.) (1997). Rehabilitation Studies Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book Chapters and Contributions
Kapur, N. Glisky, E.L., & WILSON, B.A. (in press). External memory aids and computers in memory rehabilitation. In A.D. Baddeley, M. Kopelman & B.A. Wilson (Eds.). The Handbook of Memory Disorders: second edition. Chichester: John Wiley.
Robertson, I.H., & WILSON, B.A. (2001). Neuropsychological rehabilitation. In J.W. Fawcett, A.E. Rosser & S.B. Dunnett (Eds.). Brain Damage, Brain Repair (pp. 289-297). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rosser, A.E., & WILSON, B.A. (2001). Coma. In J.W. Fawcett, A.E. Rosser & S.B. Dunnett (Eds.). Brain Damage, Brain Repair (pp. 217-222). New York: Oxford university Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Management of acquired cognitive disorders. In B.A. Wilson & D.L. McLellan (Eds.). Rehabilitation Handbook (pp. 243-261). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Research and evaluation on rehabilitation, In B.A. Wilson & D.L. McLellan (Eds.). Rehabilitation Studies Handbook (pp. 161-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Neuropsychological rehabilitation. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West & C. McManus (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine (pp. 230-233). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Amnesia. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Weinman, R. West & C. McManus (Eds.). Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine (pp. 355-356). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1998). When memory fails. In P. Fara & K. Patterson (Eds.). Memory: The Darwin Lectures (pp. 113-133). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (1998). Traumatic brain injury. In A.S. Bellack & M. Herson (Eds.). Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, (pp. 463-486). New York:
WILSON, B.A. (1999). Memory rehabilitation in brain-injured people. In D.T. Strauss, G. Winocur & I.H, Robertson (Eds.). Cognitive Rehabilitation (pp. 333-346). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (2000). Memory and memory disorders. In M.G. Gelder, J.J. Lopez-Ibor Jr., N.C. Andreasen (Eds.). New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 1. (pp 271-277). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
WILSON, B.A. (2002). Memory Rehabilitation. In L.R. Squire & D.L. Schachter (Eds.) Neuropsychology of Memory. 3rd Edition. (pp. 263-272). New York: Guildford Press.
WILSON, B.A. (in press). Memory rehabilitation. In J. Grafman and I. Robertson (Eds.). Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 9: Plasticity and Rehabilitation. Amsterdam: Elsevier
WILSON, B.A. (in press). Treatment and recovery from brain damage. In Encyclopaedia of Cognitive Science. London: Nature Publishing Group.
WILSON, B.A. (in press). Theoretical approaches to cognitive rehabilitation. In L.H. Goldstein and J. NcNeil (Eds). Clinical Neuropsychology: A Guide to Assessment and Management for Clinicians. Chichester: John Wiley.
WILSON, B.A. (in press). Assessment of memory disorders. In A.D. Baddeley, M. Kopelman & B.A. Wilson (Eds.). The Handbook of Memory Disorders: second edition. Chichester: John Wiley.
WILSON, B.A. (in press). Management and remediation of memory disorders. In A.D. Baddeley, M. Kopelman & B.A. Wilson (Eds). The Handbook of Memory Disorders: second edition. Chichester: John Wiley.
WILSON, B.A., Bruna, O., & Macias, C. (1997). Tratamiento y rehabilitación de los problemos de moemoria en pacientes afectados por daño cerebral. In C. Pelegrín, J.M. Muñoz Céspedes & J. I. Quemada (Eds.). Neuropsiquiatíia de daño Cerbral Traumático (pp. 241-267). Barcelona: Prous Science.
WILSON, B.A. & Clare, L. (in press). Rehabilitation of memory disorders. In R.J. Greenwood, T. McMillan, M. Barnes & C. Ward (Eds.). Neurological Rehabilitation, second edition. London: Taylor & Francis.
WILSON, B.A. & EVANS, J.J. (2000). Practical management of memory problems. In G.E. Berrios & J.R. Hodges (Eds.). Memory Disorders in Psychiatric Practice (pp. 291-310). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WILSON, B.A. & EVANS, J.J. (in press). Does cognitive rehabilitation work? Clinical and economical considerations and outcomes. In G. Prigatano (Ed.). Clinical Neuropsychology and Cost-Outcome Research: An Introduction. Hove: Psychology Press.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J.J., Alderman, N., Burgess, P.W., & EMSLIE, H. (1997). Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. In P.M.A. Rabbitt (Ed.). Methodology of Frontal and Executive Function (pp. 239-250). Hove: Psychology Press.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J., Brentnall, S., Brenner, S., Keohane, C. & Williams, H. (2000). The Oliver Zangwill Centre for Neurological Rehabilitation: A partnership between health care and rehabilitation research. In A.L. Christensen & B.P. Uzzell (Eds.). International Handbook of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (pp. 231-246). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
WILSON, B.A., J.C., & Hughes, E. (1997). Coping with amnesia: The natural history of a compensatory system. In A.J. Parkin (Ed.). Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory (pp. 179-190). Hove: Psychology Press.
Conference Proceedings and Published Abstracts
Crossley, M., Shiel, A., WILSON, B.A., Gelling, L. Fryer, T., Coleman, M., & Pickard, J. (2002). Monitoring emergence from coma following severe brain injury in an octogenarian. (abstract) Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 171-172.
EMSLIE, H., WILSON, B.A., Quirk, K., & EVANS, J. (2000). Evaluating the value of NeuroPage for people with Brain Injury. (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 419.
EVANS, J., WILSON, B.A., Van Delft, M., Menon, D.K., & Watson, B.J. (1997). The use of bispectral index as a measure of recovery from traumatic coma. (Abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 214.
McLellan, D.L., Pestridge, S., SHIEL, A., & WILSON, B.A. (1997). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (Abstract), 3, 214.
Page, M., WILSON, B.A., NORRIS, D.A., SHIEL, A., & Carter, G. (2001). Familiarity and recollection in errorless learning (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 413.
Rogers, N., Wright, P., Hall, C., WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J., EMSLIE, H. (2000). The development of a simplified pocket computer memory aid for use by people with non-progressive memory impairment (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 419.
SHIEL, A., Coleman, P., Turner, G., Lambert, S., & McLellan, D.L. (2001). Outcome after head injury in elderly people. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 414.
SHIEL, A., Pestridge, S., WILSON, B.A., & McLellan, D.L. (1997). Adaptation of the Wessex Head Injury Matrix for Children. In J. Ponsford, P. Snow, & V. Anderson (Eds.). International Perspectives in Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Traumatic Brain Injury and 20th Conference of the Australian Association for the Study of Brain Impairment (pp. 207-210). Queensland: Australia Academic Press.
SHIEL, A., WILSON, B.A, Horn, S., Watson, S, EVANS, J., Pickard, J., & McLellan, D.L. (1997). Behavioural predictors of outcome after severe head injury. In J. Ponsford, P. Snow, & V. Anderson (Eds.). International Perspectives in Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Traumatic Brain Injury and 20th Conference of the Australian Association for the Study of Brain Impairment (pp. 411-414). Queensland: Australian Academic Press.
SHIEL, A., WILSON, B.A., McLellan, D.L., Horn, S., Watson, M. (1998). Patterns of recovery after severe head injury (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 208.
SHIEL, A., WILSON, B.A., McLellan, D.L., Horn, S., & Watson, M. (1999). Behavioural observation assessment tool for minimally responsive hard injured patients (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 276.
SHIEL, A., WILSON, B.A., McLellan, D.L., Horn, S., Watson, M., Evans, J., & Pickard, J. (1997). The relationship between early cognitive and attentional behaviours and outcome four years after head injury (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 214.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Psychological assessment of coma and post traumatic amnesia (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 214.
WILSON, B.A. (1997). Cognitive rehabilitation: how it is and how I might be (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 225.
WILSON, B.A. (1998). Natural history of brain injury: Neuropsychological perspectives (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 209.
WILSON, B.A. (1999). Neuropsychological assessment of naturalistic behaviour. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 276.
WILSON, B.A. (2000). The writing on the wall: Technology and rehabilitation (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 419.
WILSON, B.A. (2002). Cognitive Rehabilitation in the Twenty-First Century. In L. Battistin, M. Dam & P. Tonin (Eds.). Neurological Rehabilitation – Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress (Venice April 2-6, 2002), Monduzzi.
WILSON, B.A., (2001). Errorless learning : Historical, clinical and theoretical aspects (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 412.
WILSON, B.A. (2001). A brief history of errorless learning (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 413.
WILSON, B.A. (2001). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Science or art? Proceedings of the Psychological Society, 9.
WILSON, B.A. (2002). Goal planning rather than neuropsychological tests should be used to structure and evaluate cognitive rehabilitation (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 320.
WILSON, B.A., Balleney, H., PATTERSON, K., & HODGES, J. (1998). Progressive muscle disease and cognitive decline: A common condition or two separate problems? (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 210.
WILSON, B.A., Carter, G., NORRIS, D., & Page, M. (2001). Does errorless learning work through implicit or explicit memory? (Abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 250.
WILSON, B.A. (2001). Assessment and management of people with sever brain injury and reduced states of awareness (abstract). Brain Impairment, 2, 52.
WILSON, B.A. (2001). Neuropsychological rehabilitation of executive deficits: A goal planning approach (abstract). Brain Impairment, 2, 53.
WILSON, B.A., CLARE, L., Baddeley, A.D., Cockburn, J., & Tate, R. (1999). The extended Rivermead behavioural memory test (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 276.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J., Baddeley, A.D., EMSLIE, H., & WATSON, P. (1997). Monitoring recovery from post traumatic amnesia (abstract). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 214.
WILSON, B.A., EVANS, J., & EMSLIE, H. (1998). Further work with NeuroPage: A compensatory system for people with memory problems (abstract(). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 225.
WILSON, B.A., & Gracey, F. (2001). Cognitive recovery from the vegetative state. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 413.
Translations
Books
Clinical Management of Memory Problems: Japanese (1997).
Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome: Dutch (1997), Portugese (1999), Swedish (1999), German (2000), Danish (2001).
Selecting and Interpreting and Administering Cognitive Tests: Japanese (1999).
Coping with Memory Problems: Japanese (1999).
Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: Portugese (1999), Danish (2001), Swedish (2001).
Other (Magazine Articles and Booklets)
SHIEL A.M. & WILSON, B.A. (2001). "A new tool to monitor recovery of cognitive functioning following severe traumatic head injury" in Headway News Autumn, pp. 14-16.
Smith, R.D., Mugford, M., Lara, A.M., WILSON, B.A., & EMSLIE, H. (2001). A cost-benefit analysis of 'NeuroPage': A memory aid for individuals suffering severe memory impairment. HPP Discussion Paper No. 2. Norwich: The School of Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia.
WILSON, B.A. (1998). A new centre for neuropsychological rehabilitation. WFNR Update, November, p.5.
WILSON, B.A. (2000). Memory Problems After Brain Injury, 2nd edition. Nottingham: Headway.
WILSON, B.A., & EVANS, J. (1996). Therapy for the injured brain. MRC News, Autumn/Winter, 36-40.
TRANSFER TO HEALTH SERVICE
a) Tests developed and used for neuropsychological assessment in the Health Service
1996 Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P., Emslie, H., & Evans, J. (1996). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk: Thames Valley Test Company.
1999 Wilson, B. A., Clare, L., Baddeley, A. D., Cockburn, J., Watson, P. & Tate, R. (1999). The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Extended Version. Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
2000 Shiel, A., Wilson, B. A., McLellan, L., Horn, S., & Watson, M. (2000). The Wessex Head Injury Matrix (WHIM). Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
b) Transfer of research into the Health Service
Our studies evaluating NeuroPage (a paging system to reduce the every day memory problems of people with neurological impairments) resulted in Lifespan Health Trust setting up a commercial service for people through the United Kingdom.
Our studies evaluating Errorless Learning have resulted in this technique becoming a well established procedure in memory rehabilitation.
The Oliver Zangwill Centre for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation is an internationally recognised centre of clinical excellence. It is a centre which enables findings from research to be applied in a clinical setting and findings from effective treatment to confirm theoretical interpretations.
EXTERNAL GRANTS
From the Department of Health Research and Development (joint holder) £73,813 for a project entitled "Reliability and validity of assessment procedures after head injury" - PCD/A3/67 (D. L. McLellan, B. A. Wilson, A.M. Shiel, J.S. Burn - 12 months).
From the Department of Health Research and Development (joint holder) £40,075 for a project entitled "Development of assessment scales for severely brain injured children" - PCD/A3/66 (D. L. McLellan, B. A. Wilson and A.M. Shiel - 12 months).
From the Department of Health Research and Development ((joint holder) £300,107 for a project entitled "A controlled evaluation of intensive therapy after head injury" - PCD/A1/ (D. L. McLellan, B. A. Wilson, A.M. Shiel and J.S. Burn)
From the Anglia and Oxford Regional Health Authority (joint holder) £46,588 for a project entitled "Effectiveness of memory therapy based on errorless learning" - HSR/ADH/1095/65 (B. A. Wilson, J. Hodges, K. Breen - 18 months from 1/1/96).
From the NHS Executive Anglia & Oxford (joint holder) £40,820 for a project entitled "Which memory impaired people make good use of compensatory strategies" (J. J. Evans, B. A. Wilson and S. Brentnall).
From the NHS South & West R&D Programme for Physical and Complex Disabilities (joint holder) £93,127 for a project entitled "Helping people with memory impairments recall facts and procedures - a comparison of two computer aids for personal information management" - PCD2/A1/215 (P. Wright, B. Wilson, J. Evans, H. Emslie). (2 years from 1/10/96)
From the Anglia and Oxford R & D (joint holder) £79,580 for a project entitled "The evaluation of a paging service for people with brain injury" - HSR-LHT-1196-90 (B. A. Wilson, J. J. Evans, H. Emslie and J. Appleby) (2 years from 1/1/97)
From the Anglia and Oxford R & D (joint holder) £77,241 for a project entitled "The development and standardisation of an ecologically valid test for assessing children and adolescents with a dysexecutive syndrome" - HSR/0500/11 (H. Emslie, B A Wilson, C. Wilson & V. Burden) (30 months from 1/7/00).
From the Anglia and Oxford R&D (joint holder) £99,058 for a project entitled "Identifying and understanding divided attention deficits in people with brain injury" - HSR/0301/6 (B A Wilson & J J Evans) (3 years from 1/10/01).
From the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (joint holder) HK$592,500 for a project entitled "Evaluating the effect of an on-line computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation programme" - PolyU 5291/01M (Dr Tam Sing Fai, Dr Man Wai Kwong, Prof. David Watkins, Prof. Barbara A. Wilson, & Prof. Christina W.Y. Hui-Chan) (3 years from1/11/01).
Submitted to Remedi (joint application): An investigation into the cognitive and motor benefits of standing head injury patients upright in the critical care environment and thereafter (A. Shiel, L.Hooper, B.A. Wilson, V. Sparks, D. Menon, J. Pickard)
From the NHS (R&D), £58,189. PhD Studenthsip for Veronica Dobler, The role of attention in rehabilitation of childhood hemipoegia.
PRINCIPAL COLLABORATORS
The Oliver Zangwill Centre, Ely; The Ministry of Defence, Catterick;
Addenbrooke's Hospital; Wessex Neurological Centre, Southampton; the Royal Star & Garter Home, Richmond; Headway House, Cambridge; The Sue Ryder Home, Ely; Rehabilitation Studies Unit, University of Sydney; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.
Other sections in the 1998-2002 report
1. SUMMARY
2. ATTENTION GROUP
3. COGNITION AND EMOTION GROUP
4. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION GROUP
5. MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE GROUP: DMS SECTION
6. MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE GROUP: REHABILITATION SECTION
7. METHODS RESEARCH AND INFRASTRUCTURE GROUP