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Tracking opiate routes in Nigeria: Identifying trafficking routes via dealers and users of Tramadol and Codeine
Authors:
Ezenwa, M.O., Orjiakor, T.C., Ukwuma, M.C., Oraetue, H.I., Ude, E.N., NWEZE, T.
Reference:
Bulletin on Narcotics, LXII, 2019 - Work from before the CBU
Year of publication:
2019
CBU number:
8468
Abstract:
Tramadol and Codeine-containing mixtures are the top abused pharmaceutical opioids in Nigeria with adverse consequences. Widespread use has provoked stricter state control of these drugs, yet trafficking and availability remain a challenge. Knowledge of the trafficking routes of these substances may provide insight into better control and demand reduction. This study was aimed at investigating the routes through which tramadol and codeine get to illicit users in Nigerian. The profile/characteristics of illicit users of these substances as well as their willingness to access treatment in Enugu State, Nigeria were explored. Using a mixed method approach, pharmacists and patent medicine dealers (n =119) participated in Focus Group Discussions, while tramadol/codeine users (n = 70) completed the Drug Use Assessment Scale and also participated in in-depth interviews. We found that tramadol and codeine have complex but well-developed traffic routes, making them easily accessible to users despite restriction. Established networks of corrupt custom and other security officials aid and abet the passage of the drugs to the markets. The open drug market system in Nigeria exploited by rent seeking business persons gives opportunity for illegal flow of these opioids. Supplies from the open markets feed Pharmacy and patent medicine dealers through whom users access the drugs. Users organise and have dealers supply the drugs to “safe centres” for easy access. The drugs are also peddled by hawkers and roadside kiosks. Findings also showed tramadol/codeine use was spread across diverse works of life though young males, students, and artisans were perceived to be at risk. Some users of tramadol (47.4%) and 30% of codeine-containing mixtures users desired treatment. Many tramadol [47.5%] and codeine [50%]) users did not know where to go for help. The study recommends easy and free access to treatment, youth- targeted drug abuse awareness campaign, and removal of restrictions on codeine and tramadol as critical to demand reduction.
